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【性味】辛、甘,微寒。

【归经】归肺、脾、大肠、胃经。

【功效】发表透疹,清热解毒,升阳举陷。

【主治】时气疫疠,头痛寒热,喉痛,口疮,斑疹不透;中气下陷,久泻久痢,脱肛,妇女崩、带,子宫下坠;痈肿疮毒。

【用法用量】内服:煎汤,用于升阳,3-6g,宜蜜炙、酒炒;用于清热解毒,可用至15g,宜生用;或入丸、散。外用:适量,研末调敷或煎汤含漱或淋洗。

【使用注意】脾胃虚寒者慎用。

 

【医书记载】

《神农本草经》:“主解百毒,辟温疾、障邪(一作瘴气邪气)。”

《别录》:“主中恶腹痛,时气毒疠,头痛寒热,风肿诸毒,喉痛,口疮。”

《药性论》:“治小儿风,惊痫,时气热疾。能治口齿风肿疼,牙根浮烂恶臭,热毒脓血。除心肺风毒热壅闭不通,口疮,烦闷。疗痈肿,豌豆疮;水煎绵沾拭疮上。”

《日华子本草》:“安魂定魄,游风肿毒,口气疳。”

《汤液本草》:“《主治秘诀》,主肺痿咳唾脓血,能发浮汗。”

《滇南本草》:“表小儿痘疹,解疮毒,咽喉(肿);喘咳音哑,肺热,止齿痛。”

《本草纲目》:“消斑疹,行瘀血,治阳陷眩运,胸胁虚痛,久泄下痢后重,遗浊,带下,崩中,血淋,下血,阴痿足寒。”

 

【前辈释药】

《医学启源》:升麻,若补其脾胃,非此为引不能补。若得葱白、香芷之类,亦能走手阳明、太阳,能解肌肉间热,此手足阳明伤风之药也。《主治秘要》云,其用者有四:手足阳明引经一也;升阳于至阴之下二也;治阳明经分头痛三也;去皮肤风邪及至高之上四也。脾痹非升麻不能除。

 

    李杲:升麻,发散阳明风邪,升胃中清气,又引甘温之药上升,以补卫气之散而实其表,故元气不足者,用此于阴中升阳。又缓带脉之缩急。凡胃虚伤冷,郁遏阳气于脾土者,宜升麻、葛根以升散其火郁。引葱白,散手阳明风邪;引石膏,止足阳明齿痛;人参、黄芪,非此引之,不能上行。

 

《汤液本草》:东垣云,升麻入足阳明。若初病太阳证,便服升麻、葛根,发出阳明经汗,或失之过,阳明经燥,太阳经不可解,必传阳明矣,投汤不当,非徒无益,而又害之也。朱(肱)氏云,瘀血入里,若衄血、吐血者,犀角地黄汤,乃阳明经圣药也,如无犀角,以升麻代之。升麻、犀角性味相远不同,何以代之?盖以升麻止是引地黄及余药同入阳明耳。仲景云,太阳病,若发汗,若利小便,重亡津液,胃中干燥,因转属阳明,其害不可胜言。

 

《纲目》:升麻引阳明清气上行,柴胡引少阳清气上行,此乃禀赋素弱、元气虚馁及劳役饥饱、生冷内伤,脾胃引经最要药也。升麻葛根汤,乃发散阳明风寒药也,时珍用治阳气郁遏及元气下陷诸病、时行赤眼,每有殊效。大抵人年五十以后,其气消者多,长者少,降者多,升者少,秋冬之令多而春夏之令少,若禀受弱而有前诸证者,并宜此药活法治之。《素问》云,阴精所奉其人寿,阳精所降其人夭。千古之下,窥其奥而阐其微者,张洁古、李东垣二人而已。又升麻能解痘毒,惟初发热时,可用解毒,痘已出后,气弱或泄泻者,亦可少用,其升麻葛根汤,则见斑后必不可用,为其解散也。

 

《本草汇言》:升麻,散表升阳之剂也。疗伤寒、解阳明在表(发热,头额痛,眼眶痛,鼻干,不得眠)之邪,发痘XI于隐密之时,化斑毒于延绵之际。但味苦寒平,所以风寒之邪,发热无汗;风热之邪,头风攻痛,并目疾肿赤、乳蛾喉胀,升麻并皆治之。又如内伤元气,脾胃衰败,下陷至阴之分;或醉饱房劳,有损阳气,致陷至阴之中;或久病泻痢,阳气下陷,后重窘迫;或久病崩中,阴络受伤,淋沥不止;或胎妇转胞下坠,小水不通;或男子湿热下注,腰膝沉重;或疮毒内陷,紫黑胀痛;或大肠气虚,或肛坠不收,升麻悉能疗之。此升解之药,故风可散,寒可驱,热可清,疮疹可解,下陷可举,内伏可托,诸毒可拔。又诸药不能上升者,惟升麻可升之。观其与石膏、甘草治齿痛,与人参、黄芪补上焦不足,与桔梗、款冬治肺痈脓血,意可见矣。

 

《本草正》:升麻,凡痈疽痘疹,阳虚不能起发及泻痢崩淋,梦遗脱肛,阳虚下陷之类,用佐补剂,皆所宜也。若上实气壅,诸火炎上及太阳表证,皆不宜用。且其味苦气散,若血气太虚,及水火无根者,并不可用。

 

《药品化义》:升麻,善提清气,少用佐参、芪升补中气。柴胡引肝气从左而上,升麻引胃气从右而上,入补中益气汤有鼓舞脾元之妙,使清阳之气上升而浊阴之气下降。其味苦辛,多用亦有发表解肌之助,又善引参、芪益气聪明,合柴胡治火郁五心烦热。若劳碌伤神及肺有伏火者,恐升动阳气,助火生痰,忌之。

 

《本草新编》:升麻,必须同气血药共用,可佐使而亦不可以为君臣,世虑其散气,不敢多用是也。然而亦有多用之时,如《本草纲目》、《经疏》尚未言及。夫升麻之可多用者,发斑之症也。凡热不太甚,必不发斑,惟其内热之甚,故发出于外,而皮毛坚固,不能遽出,故见斑而不能骤散也。升麻原非退斑之药,欲退斑必须解其内热,解热之药,要不能外出元参、麦冬与芩、连、栀子之类,然元参、麦冬与芩、连、栀子能下行,而不能外走,必借升麻以引诸药出于皮毛,而斑乃尽消,倘升麻少用,不能引之外出,势必热内走而尽趋于大小肠矣。夫火性炎上,引其上升者易于散,任其下行者难于解,此所以必须多用,而火热之毒,随元参、麦冬与芩、连、栀子之类而行尽消化也。大约元参、麦冬用至一、二两者,升麻可多用至五钱,少则四钱、三钱,断不可止用数分与一钱已也。以升麻为止血之药,此不知仲景用升麻之故也。夫吐血出于胃,衄血出于肺,止血必须地黄,非升麻可止,用升麻者,不过用其引地黄入于肺与胃耳。此等病,升麻又忌多用,少用数分,便能相济以成功,切不可多用至一钱之外也。

 

《本经逢原》:升麻、葛根能发痘,惟初发热时可用,见点后忌服,为其气升,发动热毒于上,为害莫测,而麻疹尤为切禁,误投喘满立至。按升麻属阳、性升,力能扶助阳气扞御阴邪,故于淋带、泻痢、脱肛方用之,取其升举清阳于上也。古方治噤口痢,用醋炒升麻,引人参、莲肉,扶胃进食,大有神效。

 

《本草求真》:升麻,似与葛根一类,但此辛甘微苦,能引葱白入肺,发散风寒出汗,引石膏能治阳明顶巅头痛、齿痛,引参、芪能入脾胃补脾,且同柴胡能引归、芪、白术甘温之药以补卫气之散而实其表。不似葛根功专入胃,升津解肌而不能引诸药以实卫气也。但升麻佐于葛根,则入阳明生津解肌有效,同柴胡升气,则柴胡能升少阳肝经之阳,升麻能升阳明胃经之阳,一左一右,相须而成。

 

《本草正义》:升麻,其性质颇与柴胡相近,金、元以来亦恒与柴胡相辅并行,但柴胡宣发半表半里之少阳而疏解肝胆之抑遏;升麻宣发肌肉腠理之阳明而升举脾胃之郁结,其用甚近,而其主不同,最宜注意。故脾胃虚馁,清气下陷诸证,如久泄久痢,遗浊崩带,肠风淋露,久痔脱肛之类,苟非湿热阻结,即当提举清阳,非升麻不可,而柴胡犹为升麻之辅佐,东垣益气升阳诸方,亦即此旨,并非以升、柴并辔杨镳也。至于肝肾之虚,阴薄于下,阳浮于上,则不可妄与升举,以贻拔本之祸,亦与柴胡同耳。升麻能发散阳明肌腠之风邪,透表发汗,其力颇大,惟表邪之郁遏者宜之,而阴虚热自内发者不可妄试。又上升之性,能除巅顶风寒之头痛,然亦惟风寒外邪宜之,而肝阳上陵之头痛,又为大忌,濒湖谓升麻治阳陷眩运,则头目眩运,肝阳最多,所谓阳陷,甚不可解,恐非升提之药所宜也。东垣谓止阳明齿痛,盖用以引清胃之药,入于阳明经耳,非升麻能止齿痛也。

 

美国中药材 升麻 秦岭野生升麻 50克

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    Precautions for making Chinese herbal medicine:

    1. The medicine jar must be cleaned

     

    When decocting Chinese medicine, the medicinal juice is concentrated due to evaporation of water, and a layer of medicinal scale often accumulates at the bottom and around the medicine pot. If the decocted medicine in the medicine pot is often changed, and the accumulated medicinal scale is not wiped off in time, the medicinal scale will dissolve when the new medicine is decocted, interfering with and reducing the efficacy of the medicine, and even delaying the treatment of the disease. Especially if highly toxic medicines or external medicines that cannot be eaten have been decocted before, it may cause poisoning.

    In addition, if the Chinese medicine is not cleaned immediately after each decoction, the scale at the bottom of the medicine pot will become thicker and thicker, and it will easily burn when the medicine is re-decocted, thus losing its efficacy.

     

    2. Whether to cover the medicine

    Generally speaking, in order to make Chinese medicine boil thoroughly, it is best to cover it. This is especially true for Chinese medicines containing volatile ingredients, such as mint, patchouli, and perilla leaves, and they should be boiled in a short time to prevent the active ingredients from volatilizing. For some expensive medicines, such as ginseng, deer antler, and wolfberry, the active ingredients should be fully released.

    Some Chinese herbal medicines are light in weight and large in size, such as Centella asiatica, Prunella vulgaris, White tongcao, Loofah, Corn hair, etc., so they should not be decocted with the lid on, otherwise they will often overflow from the pot. You can decoct with the lid on and stir at any time.

     

    3. Fry thoroughly and squeeze dry

    "Decoction thoroughly" means that the active ingredients of the medicine are fully released, which is the basic requirement for decoction. For medicines with tough texture and difficult to release active ingredients at once, only by decoction separately, decocting first, decocting for a long time, etc. can the medicine juice be thickened and the efficacy be fully exerted. Medicines with loose texture and light and fragrant nature do not need to be decocted for too long; but herbs with light texture and large body should be stirred frequently to facilitate decoction.

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